Fair Housing Series Part 6: The Racial Wealth Gap and the House That Built It. – Footnotes
And the House That Should Have Been Yours. National Association of Realtors Research Group, Snapshot of Race and Home Buying in America, February 2022. The report documents that the typical homeowner had a net worth of $300,000 compared to $8,000 for the typical renter — a ratio of 37.5 to 1. Among racial groups, the […]
Fair Housing Series Part 5: Digital Redlining – Footnotes
Algorithmic Bias and the New Face of Housing Discrimination. Fannie Mae, Desktop Underwriter Version 11.0 Release Notes (2022). Automated underwriting systems are trained on historical loan performance data. Because historical lending patterns reflect decades of discriminatory underwriting, the training data itself embeds the outcomes of prior discrimination. The system learns which borrower profiles historically produced […]
Fair Housing Series Part 4: HUD’s Enforcement Budget Has Been Cut. – Footnotes
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, “File a Fair Housing Complaint,” https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/online-complaint. HUD accepts fair housing complaints online, by phone at 1-800-669-9777, and by mail. The statute of limitations for filing a HUD complaint is one year from the date of the alleged discriminatory act. National Association of Realtors, Code of Ethics and Standards […]
Fair Housing Series Part 3: Disparate Impact Is Not a Theory. It Is a Law. – Footnotes
U.S. Department of Justice, “Justice Department Reaches $335 Million Settlement to Resolve Allegations of Lending Discrimination by Countrywide Financial Corporation,” December 21, 2011. The settlement resolved allegations that Countrywide discriminated against qualified African American and Hispanic borrowers by charging them higher fees and interest rates than similarly qualified white borrowers between 2004 and 2008. U.S. […]
Fair Housing Series Part 2: Fair Housing Act Was a Compromise – Footnotes
Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act), Pub. L. No. 90-284, 82 Stat. 73 (1968). Senator Everett Dirksen brokered the compromise removing HUD’s direct enforcement authority, substituting a 30-day conciliation process. Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-495, 88 Stat. 1521 (1974). Prior to ECOA, no federal prohibition existed against denying […]
Fair Housing Series Part 1: The Architecture of Abandonment – Footnotes
1. Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act), Pub. L. No. 90-284, 82 Stat. 73 (1968). 2. National Association of Realtors®. 2025 Snapshot of Race and Home Buying in America. Washington, DC: NAR, March 17, 2025. https://cms.nar.realtor/sites/default/files/2025-03/2025-snapshot-of-race-and-home-buying-in-america-03-17-2025.pdf. 3. Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., 576 U.S. 519 (2015). 4. National Low Income Housing […]
Women’s History Month Part 12: Leymah Gbowee: The Liberian Activist Who Helped Lead a Women’s Movement for Peace – Footnotes
Britannica. Leymah Gbowee. Retrieved March 13, 2026 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee Gbowee, Leymah. Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War. New York: Beast Books, 2011. Nobel Prize. Leymah Gbowee – Nobel Peace Prize 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2026 from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/gbowee/facts/ United Nations Women. Women, Peace, and Security. Retrieved March 13, 2026 from https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security PBS. Pray the Devil Back to Hell: Women’s Peace […]
Women’s History Month Part 10: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: A Global Voice for Economic Reform and Fair Trade – Footnotes
Britannica. Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 14, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/money/Ngozi-Okonjo-Iweala World Trade Organization. Director‑General: Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala. WTO.org. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala. Dr Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala Official Website. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://ngoziokonjoiweala.org/biography-2/ Wikipedia. Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala Forbes. Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala Profile. Forbes.com. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://www.forbes.com/profile/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/ Prime Business Africa. 25 Things to Know About Ngozi Okonjo‑Iweala. Retrieved […]
Women’s History Month Part 11: Maxine Waters: Reclaiming Her Time. And Yours. And the Country’s – Footnotes
C-SPAN. “House Financial Services Committee Hearing with Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin.” July 2017. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://c-span.org. Time. “Maxine Waters: The 100 Most Influential People of 2018.” Time Magazine, 2018. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://time.com. Waters, Maxine. “Official Biography.” U.S. House of Representatives. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://waters.house.gov/about-maxine. Encyclopedia.com. “Waters, Maxine.” Contemporary Black Biography. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://encyclopedia.com. The HistoryMakers. […]
Women’s History Month Part 11: Henrietta Lacks: She Did Not Choose to Change Medicine. Medicine Took That Choice From Her – Footnotes
Embryo Project Encyclopedia. “Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951).” Arizona State University. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/henrietta-lacks-1920-1951. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Henrietta Lacks: American Woman and Medical Legacy. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://britannica.com/biography/Henrietta-Lacks. OncoDaily. “Henrietta Lacks and the Origin of HeLa Cells.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://oncodaily.com. National Center for Biotechnology Information (PMC). “HeLa Cells and Their Impact on Biomedical Research.” U.S. […]
